Organizations Can Easily be Taken Advantage of by the...

In the text, professor O’Hara is talking about how organizations will always have accidents. In other words, the author tries to explain that organizations by their nature always face some challenges or conflicts, whether it is economic or internal. There are several factors that cause the agency to have accidents. For instance, lack of oversight, segregation of duties, checks and balances, accountability, and etc.; that all may become a part of an accident in organizations. Another example is when there are politics involved in the organization; it can be another accident as well. Especially, during the elections people or organizations with their own agendas give big donations to political parties so they can buy votes instead of winning†¦show more content†¦The key to understand the Cressy’s theory is we have to remember that in order a fraud to occur all three elements must be present. As we discussed afore mentioned about non-shareable financial need, a pe rson must have an opportunity in order to commit a crime without being caught. Perceived opportunity constitutes the second element in the fraud triangle. If a person sees an opportunity to steal the cash, they will steal. Therefore, in order to prevent the fraud or stealing, we have to eliminate the opportunity in the job place by increasing the monitoring over the employees. The last and third factor in the fraud triangle is the rationalization. Cressey describes rationalization as a necessary component of the crime before it takes place. In other words, he said that it is a part of the motivation for the crime. In that category, the embezzler does not see himself or herself as a criminal; they justify their misdeeds before they commit the crime. The rationalization plays the main role while fraudster commits an illegal act in their job place because they try to maintain their concept of themselves as a trusted person. After we commit an organizational fraud, the rationalization will often be abandoned because of the nature of us all. When we commit a first crime, it is always bothers us, but if we repeat the act several times, it becomes easier and easier. (Source is taken from: Association of Certified Fraud Examiners Manual). Moreover,Show MoreRelatedAudit2577 Words   |  11 PagesFraud Auditing and Different type of fraud Introduction Over the years, the role of auditors become increasingly important especially in a capitalist economy as the process of wealth creation and political stability depends heavily upon confidence in processes of accountability and how well the expected roles are being fulfilled. An auditor has the responsibility for the prevention, detection and reporting of fraud, other illegal acts and errors is one of the most controversial issues in auditingRead MoreFraud Auditing and Different Type of Fraud2578 Words   |  11 PagesFraud Auditing and Different type of fraud Introduction Over the years, the role of auditors become increasingly important especially in a capitalist economy as the process of wealth creation and political stability depends heavily upon confidence in processes of accountability and how well the expected roles are being fulfilled. An auditor has the responsibility for the prevention, detection and reporting of fraud, other illegal acts and errors is one of the most controversial issues in auditingRead MoreFraud Triangle15238 Words   |  61 Pages
  
 Chapter 2 Who Commits Fraud and Why I, Dennis Greer, am making this statement on my own, without threat or promises, as to my activities in regard to the activity of kiting between Bank A and Bank B. As of May 19XX, I was having extreme emotional and financial difficulties. For religious reasons, I was required without notice to move out of where I was living, and I had no place to go. Also, my grandmother—the only family member I was close to—was dying. I had to live Read MoreDetermining The Cost Of Fraud Essay2270 Words   |  10 PagesOccupational fraud can be defined as â€Å"the use of one’s occupation for personal enrichment through the deliberate misuse or misapplication of the employing organization’s resources or assets† (ACFE, 2016). Asset misappropriation proved to be the most common form of occupational fraud with 83% of cases but it has the smallest median loss of $125,000 whereas the Financial statement fraud occurs in less than 10% of cases but its median loss of $975,000 (ACFE, 2016). This figure only shows the amountRead MoreReport on Corporate Frauds in Bangladesh5564 Words   |  23 Pages Report on Corporate Frauds amp; the Role of the auditors: Bangladesh Perspective Faculty of Business Studies University of Dhaka SUBMITTED TO Tahmina Ahmed Lecturer Accounting amp; Information Systems University of Dhaka SUBMITTED BY Group 18 Date of submission:10.11.14 Group members Name | ID | 1.Sajjad Hossain Sohan | 18022 | 2.Rubina Akther | 18048 | 3.Mohammad Saadman | 18052 | 4.Rumi Akther | 18066 | 5.Hilary Talukder | 18099Read MoreEbays Failure in China6789 Words   |  28 Pages.................................................................................... 13†© 4.5†© OLI†©framework†©applied†©to†©EBay’s†©case............................................................................................... 15†© 4.6†© Ebay’s†©AAA†©triangle†©analysis ................................................................................................................. 17†© 5†© Conclusion .....................................................................................................Read MoreFinancial Statement Frauds29904 Words   |  120 PagesFinancial Statement Fraud - Recognition of Revenue and the Auditor’s Responsibility for Detecting Financial Statement Fraud - Tiina Intal and Linh Thuy Do Graduate Business School School of Economics and Commercial Law Gà ¶teborg University ISSN 1403-851X Printed by Elanders Novum Abstract Financial reporting frauds and earnings manipulation have attracted high profile attention recently. There have been several cases by businesses of what appears to be financial statement fraud, which haveRead MoreAnalysis of the Causes and Measures of Curbing Fraud in the Banking Sector25289 Words   |  102 PagesCAUSES AND MEASURES OF CURBING FRAUD IN THE BANKING SECTOR. BY ESSIEN NSIKAK U. A RESEARCH PROJECT SUBMITED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING, COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES, COVENANT UNIVERSITY, OTA. IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (B.sc) DEGREE IN ACCOUNTING. CERTIFICATION I certify that this project titled â€Å"The Analysis of the causes and measures of curbing fraud in the banking sector† was carriedRead MoreWhy Do Some Leaders Abuse Their Power4363 Words   |  18 PagesIntroduction: There are many definitions of power.In social science it can be thought as the capacity to control or influence others by providing rewarding or administering punishment. When leaders in organizations abuse power, power will become evil or unjust. In the last decades ,the pervasiveness of ethical lapses of corporate villains has been astounding such as Unethical CEO behaviour, white-collar crime, property deviance, employee grievances and lawsuits.In this essay I will mainly focusRead MoreAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 Pagesproducing it. Would you, or any organization, ever produce information if its expected costs exceeded its benefits? If so, provide some examples. If not, why not? Most organizations produce information only if its value exceeds its cost. However, there are two situations where information may be produced even if its cost exceeds its value. a. It is often difficult to estimate accurately the value of information and the cost of producing it. Therefore, organizations may produce information that

Cause And Effect Essay Sleep Deprivation - 1134 Words

Shubhanker Gaur Com 1101(09) 03/17/2016 Essay 4 Cause and Effect Essay Sleep Deprivation Cause and effect Essay Sleep deprivation Most people have at least stayed awake for the entire night once during their lifetime. This behavior is common amongst individuals enrolled in High School or pursuing University degree. One might wonder how lack of sleep for the night impact him/her. However, it has being proven that being awake for 24 hours has unpleasant effects on health.So why is sleep so important? How does lack of sleep impact one’s mood so significantly, causing people to be ‘grumpy’, isn t sleep just people lying down in their bed and closing their eyes.sleep is a complex process, it is a natural process where body relaxes and repairs itself. Sleep takes places in 3 stages, 1-2 stage ,2-3 stage and REM (Rapid Eye Movement ) stage. Our body is like a battery, sleeping helps replenishes that energy, if one does not store enough energy for the next day the body will struggle to carry out simple tasks which can Aultimately lead to exhaustion. Sleep is the time when the human body gets a chanc e to rest. Personally suffering from sleep deprivation it has caused a lot of problems in my own life such as flying safely, concentrating on school work and working efficiently. Being a pilot means having flights 3 or even 4 times a week, which can make it stressful. Being at the flightline for 4 or 5 hours isnt as simple as it may sound. For instance planning a flight can take uptoShow MoreRelatedSleep Deprivation Negatively Influences Driving Performance1722 Words   |  7 Pagesinjuries are estimated to be the 5th leading cause of death within the next 15 years, with the current yearly death toll reaching 1.3 million (Gresser, 2014; ASIRT, 2016). The average person is generally awake for around 16 hours a day, however sometimes within busy lives sleep may become a last priority between family and work, and thus extending the period a person is awake (Williamson Feyer, 2000). In this essay, it will be argued that sleep deprivation negatively influences driving performanceRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep Deprivation On Children1427 Words   |  6 Pagesor substances and people suffering from sleep deprivation. Effects of fatigue are thought to play a part in between 16% and 60% of road accidents and in the United states were estimated to cost in vicinity of $50 billion. This essay will argue just how dangerous driving under the influence of sleep deprivation really is. This essays argument will be supported by two major papers the first one is â€Å"Impairment of Driving Performance Caused by Sleep Deprivation or Alcohol: A Comparative Study† which wasRead MoreTopics for Cause and Effect Essays702 Words   |  3 Pages Cause and Effect Essay Topics A cause and effect essay aims at explaining the reasons and results of an event or situation. †¢ It is one the most popular essay types in the academic world. †¢ It is beneficial for a student to write a cause and effect essay because it propels him to think of the situation in depth to come up with the reasons for the birth of that situation and its eventual impact on everything it affects. †¢ It encourages the mind to think analytically and investigate a situationRead MoreAnalysis Of Frank Bruni s Today s Exhausted Superkids 863 Words   |  4 Pageshow sleep needs to be a top priority in students’ lives. Bruni makes very valid points while writing about society’s push for students to become more involved in extracurricular and advanced classes, while also suggesting why more than seven hours of sleep is needed daily. Bruni refers to statistics of scientific studies of scientist when discussing the growing mental issues of teens. Flags are being raised not only because of suicide rates, but because sleep is beginning to have an effect onRead MoreWhy We Need Sleep1376 Words   |  6 PagesDaniel Mariscal Persuasive Essay Why We Need Sleep Sleep is a very important aspect of our lives and people rely on it to re-energize them so they can continue onto the next day. Although sleep is thought to conserve energy it actually drains your metabolism by 5-10%. However, sleep is very beneficial to humans. Sleeping progresses the bodies’ growth and rejuvenates the immune, skeletal, nervous and muscular systems. Sleep also improves short-term memory, mood, efficiency, concentration, andRead MoreSleep Deprivation Essay1302 Words   |  6 PagesSleep is one of the most important things a person does each day. It allows the body to rest and to replenish itself so that it is better able to serve its function of living. Yet many people who dont have enough hours in the day to do everything have to cut out sleep before any other activity. This is especially true for teenagers, who most nights are frantically trying to finish writing essays and completing worksheets before the clock strikes twelve, or are busy participating in after schoolRead MoreHow America Became Obese 873 Words   |  3 Pagesmany research studies into the causes of obesity. While many correlational links have been found, it is safe to say that obesity is a complex multi-faceted problem. Researchers have found a relationship between fetal malnutrition and later in life obesity, as well as a relationship between the thrifty genotype and inability to lose weight. Both of these correlations to obesity are thing that an individual has no real control of so they will not be examined in this essay. Relationships have also beenRead MoreCause And Effect Of Sleep Deprivation1109 Words   |  5 PagesPrice 1 Kyle Price Prof. Bridget McIntrye English 101 27 Feb 2016 Cause/Effect Essay Sleep deprivation is becoming an increasing problem many Americans deal with every day. Getting sleep is one of the basic needs. People are finding it harder and harder to get more of due to the fact that they are busy. With things like jobs, school, sports, family, and other commitments; people just don’t have time to get the sleep they need without not having a life. These things can affect the body with drivingRead MoreTechnology Use Is Responsible For Poor Sleep857 Words   |  4 PagesMany people take sleep for granted and undervalue its benefits. I myself used to think of sleep as just a time when one is idle and is doing nothing. When I have lots of coursework and many tasks to complete, sleep is often the first event on the schedule to be compromised. Sacrificing time to sleep for homework is not usually what leads to lack of sleep, unless one procrastinates. Many people do set aside enough time for sleep; however, they have trouble actually falling asleep. Afte r readingRead MoreThe Challenges Of Shift Work850 Words   |  4 Pageshours. The Significance of Sleep The biggest consequence of shift work is the lack of sleep. Often defined as fatigue, which is a state of tiredness associated with extended periods of being awake (Blachowicz Letizia, 2006). Fatigue has the potential to very harmful as is effects mood, judgement, and performance. Fatigue can lead to serious medical problems and effect daily routines. Shift workers often feel left of family activity due to their work schedule or lack of sleep. Finally, it can lead a

Microbiology Lab Report

Question: Discuss the purpose or aim of the experiment. Answer: To carry out blue white screening for confirmation of ligation of PCR products into desired cloning vector Material: Ecoli strains (DH5), PCR product, T4 DNA ligase enzyme, Luria Bertanni agar, Petri plates, ice, double distilled water, X-Gal, pipettes, PCR master mix, desired restriction endonucleases (Nybo, 2010). Procedure: Gene of interested is amplified from the available source (Genome and or vector containing insert) using specific set of forward and reverse primers. The primers should have the desired restriction sites which must be same with that of the vector in which the PCR product needs to be ligated. Amplification was confirmed by running a 1% agarose gel. Both the PCR product and the vector (in which the cloning needs to be done) were digested with the specific set of restriction endonucleases followed by elution of the respective digested products. Digestion products were confirmed by running a 1% agarose gel. The eluted PCR product and vector were ligated using the T4 DNA ligase. The ligation reaction was carried out at 16à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C overnight. Ligation was confirmed by running a 1% agarose gel (Theophilus and Rapley, 2011). The ligation product(s) were transformed into the specific E. coli strain followed by plating of the transformed cells into Luria Bertanni agar medium. The LB medium was supplemented with X-Gal for blue white screening of the bacterial colonies. Transformation of the bacterial cells with the ligation product was carried out under sterile conditions inside a horizontal laminar air flow cabinet. The plates were incubated at 37à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C overnight. After overnight incubation blue white bacterial colonies were observed in the Petri plate. Colony screening was carried out by picking the desired white colonies with a sterile toothpick and was incubated in LB media overnight at 37à ¡Ã‚ µÃ¢â‚¬â„¢C. Observation: Bacterial colonies were obtained which were mixtures of blue and white colonies. Presence of a positive clone will be indicated as a white bacterial colony since the beta Gal in the vector will be disrupted due to the insertion of the gene of interest. Hence there will be no functional beta Gal to metabolize X-Gal (Yuanxin, 2003). On the other hand, negative bacterial colonies will have intact beta Gal that will metabolize X-Gal producing blue bacterial colonies. Results: As per observation majority of the bacterial colonies were blue except one colony that was white. Also two colonies were observed that were found to be partially white colonies. This suggests us that the positive clones containing the gene of interest might be in one of these three colonies. Hence for the purpose of further confirmation the following needs to be done: Plasmid isolation from the individual three bacterial colonies. Restriction digestion of the isolated plasmids using the restriction endonucleases to check for the fall out of the inserts (agarose gel electrophoresis should be used for this). For final confirmation sequencing of the plasmid samples should be done (Nybo, 2010). Conclusion: The above set of experiments indicates that the cloning of the gene of interest into the desired vector was successful. However further experiments (as mentioned above) needs to be carried out to absolutely confirm the cloning success. References Nybo, K. (2010). DNA and General PCR Methods: Blunt-end Ligation. Biotechniques, 48(4), 273-275. https://dx.doi.org/10.2144/000113397 Theophilus, B., Rapley, R. (2011). PCR mutation detection protocols. New York, N.Y.: Humana Press. Yuanxin, Y. (2003). T-linker-specific ligation PCR (T-linker PCR): an advanced PCR technique for chromosome walking or for isolation of tagged DNA ends. Nucleic Acids Research, 31(12), 68e-68.

Business Research Method for Contrast Theory- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Research Method for Contrast Theory. Answer: Introduction The base of satisfaction exists in mankinds abilities of learning from their previous experiences. A number of theories have been made use of for understanding the procedure through which satisfaction judgments is formed by customers. Over the years of research, authors and researchers have used or many forms of comparison to define and model satisfaction. Some of the most advanced theoretical approaches include assimilation theory, negativity theory, contrast theory and assimilation-contrast theory. Among these, the most commonly discussed is the assimilation theory. The theory was originally extracted from Kurt Lewins theory of cognitive dissonance, which later was developed and refined by Festinger. Dissonance theory is the basis of assimilation theory (Oliver 2014). Discussion Summary of the Theory and Progression in the Field The dissonance theory sets that the clients of a specific product make some sort of cognitive correlation between expectations about the product and the apparent product performance. In the event that there is a disparity amongst expectations and saw product performance then dissonance or negative disconfirmation emerges. This perspective of the shopper "post-usage evaluation" was brought into the satisfaction literature as assimilation theory (Festinger 1962). Consumers have the option of reducing the tension that results from any discrepancy amongst expectations and product performance in two ways by distorting the expectations to make them accord with perceived product performance or raise the satisfaction level by means of minimization of the relative importance of the disconfirmation experienced. If the consumers adjusts either their expectations or their perceptions regarding product performance then the dissatisfaction would not become a result of the post usage evaluation pr ocedure. This theory has an implication that it is the responsibility of the promotional mix of a product to substantially direct expectations above product performance for obtaining a better customer evaluation or observation of the companys product (Vivek, Beatty and Morgan 2012). Themes/Findings According to Wanjiku, Ombui and Iravo (2016), assimilation theory indeed comes from dissonance theory. Their discussion continues on the assessment of any discrepancy among expectations and perceived product performance, which leads to the rising of dissonance. The article also discusses about the weaknesses of the assimilation theory. The approach suggests that there is a connection between satisfaction and expectation, however, not specifying the way disconfirmation of an expectation the theory even suggest that customers have that much of inspiration among them for adjusting either their perceptions or their expectations in regards to the product performance. Controlling for actual product performance could lead to a constructive relationship between satisfaction and expectation. It would seem that dissatisfaction can never happen except the evaluative processes were to start with negative customer expectations. The main aim of this research is examining the influence of the custo mer service stratgeies on the customer satisfaction of the firms. Lankton and McKnight (2012) discusses assimilation theory in response to the postulation that if it is perceived by individuals that the discrepancy among expectations and performance is small enough, they would accept the disparity and assimilate their performance evaluations towards their expectations. Therefore, assimilation reduces the existing cognitive dissonance amongst expectation and performance perceptions. Assimilation theory backs the positive association amongst expectations and satisfaction as individuals react to performance with similar satisfaction levels as their expectations. The major focus of this article is to explain a lot of customer satisfaction theories in terms of their nature and development of customer satisfaction from different perspectives. Isac and Rusu (2014) opines that the assimilation theory assumes that the consumers are interested enough to modify both their product performance p erception and expectations. This article focuses on the influence expectations, disconfirmation and performance have on customer satisfaction (Velte and Stawinoga 2016; Shipman 2014). Study Limitations and its Variance The three discussed articles are based on three types of research method quantitative, qualitative and mixed method. All these research methods have some limitations of their own, while being included in a study. The first issues that arises in the methodology section is of the sample size. It is dictated by the type of research problem to be investigated. A too small sample size would pose difficulty in finding significant relationships from the data. It is not relevant for qualitative research. Another issue that arises is the lack of available and reliable data, which limits the scope of the analysis, sample size and finding of trend. Lack of previous literature on the same topic acts as a barrier to laying foundation for understanding the research problem being investigated. In some cases it happens that after completion of the interpretation of the findings it is found that the way the data is gathered inhibited the capability to carry out a complete analysis of the results. In such cases it is recommended that acknowledgement of the deficiency and the need for revising the specific method of data collection is provided for future researchers. Possibly, access denied or limited for access to people, organizations or documents happen in case of carrying out a research. Bias detected in prior research also acts as a barrier for proper solution of the hypothesis. Future Research Directions The articles discussed in previously recommended some solutions for future researchers. It has been suggested that the survey sample be not skewed towards a specific profile, and more easily generic conclusions could have drawn if a better representative sample could have been taken. Suggestions regarding change of areas and counties as also put forward as recommendation. Recommendations were given that disconfirmation operationalization can be acquired via different methods. Conclusion On summarizing the articles discussed, it can be understood that the base of comprehending customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction depends on the ability of learning from past experiences. Customer satisfaction is considered as the first conceptualizations as a singular variable that represents a sole reaction of customer evaluation, which can both be connected or not connected to the concepts of pre-evaluation. References Festinger, L., 1962.A theory of cognitive dissonance(Vol. 2). Stanford university press. Isac, F.L. and Rusu, S., 2014. Theories Of Consumers Satisfaction And The Operationalization Of The Expectation Disconfirmation Paradigm.Annals-Economy Series,2, pp.82-88. Lankton, N.K. and McKnight, H.D., 2012. Examining two expectation disconfirmation theory models: assimilation and asymmetry effects.Journal of the Association for Information Systems,13(2), p.88. Oliver, R.L., 2014.Satisfaction: A behavioral perspective on the consumer. Routledge. Shipman, M.D., 2014.The limitations of social research. Routledge. Velte, P. and Stawinoga, M., 2016. Integrated reporting: the current state of empirical research, limitations and future research implications.Journal of Management Control, pp.1-46. Vivek, S.D., Beatty, S.E. and Morgan, R.M., 2012. Customer engagement: Exploring customer relationships beyond purchase.Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice,20(2), pp.122-146. Wanjiku, N.R., Ombui, K. and Iravo, M., 2016. Effects of Customer Service Strategies on Customer Satisfaction of Firms in the Telecommunication Sector in Kenya. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 5(5), pp.162-1631.

Managing an Umbrella Brand free essay sample

The brands had to be available in at least 15 of the countries studied; the same name had to be used in at least three product categories and meet franchise in at least three of the five geographical regions. In its home country Germany, too, many of Nivea’s products were the market leaders in their segments. This market leadership status translated into superior financial performance. Between 1991 and 2001, Nivea posted double-digit growth rates every year. For 2001, the brand generated revenues of â‚ ¬2. 5 billion, amounting to 55 per cent of the parent company’s (Beiersdoft) total revenue for the year. The 120-year-old, Hamburg-based Beiersdoft has often been credited with meticulously building the Nivea brand into the world’s number one personal care brand. According to a survey conducted by ACNielsen in the late 1990s, the brand had a 15 per cent share in the global skin care products market. While Nivea had always been the company’s star performer, the 1990s were a period of phenomenal growth for the brand. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing an Umbrella Brand or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By successfully extending what was essentially a ‘one-product wonder’ into many different product categories, Beiersdoft had silenced many critics of its umbrella branding decision. The marketing game for Nivea Millions of customers across the world have been familiar with the Nivea brand since their childhood. The visual (colour and packaging) and physical attributes (feel, smell) of the product stayed on in their minds. According to analysts, this led to the formation of a complex emotional bond between customers and the brand, a bond that had strong positive under-tones. According to a superbrands. com. my article, Nivea’s blue colour denoted sympathy, harmony, friendship and loyalty. The white colour suggested external cleanliness as well as inner purity. Together, these colours gave Nivea the aura of an honest brand. To customers, Nivea was more than a skin care product. They associated Nivea with good health, graceful ageing and better living. The company’s association Nivea with many sporting events, fashion events and other lifestyle-related events gave the brand a long-lasting appeal. In 2001, Franziska Schmiedebach, Beiersdoft’s Corporate Vice President (Face Care and Cosmetics), commented that Nivea’s success over the decades was built on the following pillars: innovation, brand extension and globalization (see Table 4 for the brand’s sales growth from 1995-2002) Table 4 Nivea: worldwide sales growth (%) The first major extension was launch of ‘Nivea For Men’ aftershave in the 1970s. Unlike the other aftershaves available in market, which caused the skin to burn on application, Nivea For Men soothed the skin. As a result, the product became a runaway success. The positive experience with the aftershave extension inspired the company to further explore the possibilities of brand extensions. Moreover, Beiersdoft felt that Nivea’s unique identity, the values it represented (trustworthiness, simplicity, consistency, caring) could easily be used to make the transition to being an umbrella brand. The decision to diversify its product range was also believed to have influenced by intensifying competitive pressures. L’Oreal’s Plenitude range, Procter Gamble’s Oil of Olay range, Unilever’s Pond’s range, and Johnson Johnson’s Neutrogena range posed stiff competition to Nivea. Though Nivea was the undisputed market leader in the mass-market face cream segment worldwide, its share was below Oil of Olay’s, Pond’s and Plenitude’s in the US market. While most of the competing brands had a wide product portfolio, the Nivea range was rather limited. To position Nivea as a competitor in a larger number of segments, the decision to offer a wider range inevitable. Beiersdoft’s research centre—employing over 150 dermatological and cosmetics researchers, pharmacists and chemists—supported its thrust on innovations and brand extensions. During the 1990s, Beiersdoft launched many extensions, including men’s care products, deodorants (1991), Nivea Body (1995), and Nivea Soft (1997). Most of these brand extension decisions could be credited to Rolf Kunisch, who became Beiersdoft’s CEO in the early 1990s. Rolf Kunisch firmly believed in the company’s ‘twin strategy’ of extension and globalization. By the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Nivea umbrella brand offered over 300 products in 14 separate segments of the health and beauty market (see Table 5 and Figure 2 for information on Nivea’s brand extensions). Commenting on Beiersdoft’s belief in umbrella branding, Schmiedebach said, ‘Focusing your energy and investment on one umbrella brand has strong synergetic effects and helps build leading market positions across categories. A noteworthy aspect of the brand extension strategy was the company’s ability to successfully translate the ‘skin care’ attributes of the original Nivea cream to the entire gamut of products. Table 5 Nivea: brand portfolio CategoryProducts Nivea Bath CareShower gels, shower specialists, bath foams, bath specialists, soaps, kids’ products, intimate care Nivea Sun (sun care)Sun protectio n lotion, anti-ageing sun cream, sensitive sun lotion, sun-spray, children’s sun protection, deep tan, after tan, self –tan, Nivea baby sun protection Nivea Beaute (colour cosmetics)Face, eyes, lips, nails Nivea For Men (men’s care)Shaving, after shaving, face care, face cleansing Nivea Baby (baby care)Bottom cleansing, nappy rash protection, general cleansing, moisturizing, sun protection Nivea Body (body care)Essential line, performance line, pleasure line Nivea CremeNivea creme Nivea DeodorantsRoll-ons, sprays, pump sprays, sticks, creams, wipes, compact Nivea Hand (hand care)Hand care lotions and creams Nivea Lip CareBasic care, special care, cosmetic care, extra protection care Nivea Visage (face care)Daily cleaning, deep cleaning, facial masks (cleaning/care), make-up remover, active moisture care, advanced repair care, special care Nivea Vital (mature skin care)Basic face care, specific face care, face cleansing products, body care Nivea SoftNivea soft moisturizing cream Nivea Hair CareHair care (shampoos, rinse, treatment, sun); hair styling (hairspray and lacquer, styling foams and specials, gels and specials) Figure 2 Nivea Universe The company ensured that each of its products addressed a specific need of consumers. Products in all the 14 categories were developed after being evaluated on two parameters with respect to the Nivea mother brand. First, the new product had to be based on the qualities that the mother brand stood for and, second, it ha to offer benefits that were consistent with those that the mother brand offered. Once a new product cleared the above test, it was evaluated for its ability to meet consumer needs and its scope for proving itself to be a leader in the future. For instance, a Nivea shampoo not only had to clean hair, it also had to be milder and gentler than other shampoos in the same range. Beiersdoft developed a ‘Nivea Universe’ framework for streamlining and executing its brand extension efforts. This framework consisted of a central point, an inner circle of brands and an outer circle of brands (see Figure 2) The centre of the model housed the ‘mother brand’, which represented the core values of trustworthiness, honesty and reliability. While the brands in the inner circle were closely related to the core values of the Nivea brand, the brands in the outer circle were seen as extensions of these core values. The inner-circle brands strengthened the existing beliefs and values associated with the Nivea brand. The outer circle brands, however, sought to add new dimensions to the brand’s personality, thereby opening up avenues, for future growth. The ‘global-local’ strategy The Nivea brand retained its strong German heritage and was treated as a global brand for many decades. In the early days, local managers believed that the needs of customers from their countries were significantly different from those of customers in other countries. As a result, Beiersdoft was forced to offer different product formulations an packaging, and different types of advertising support. Consequently, it incurred high costs. It was only in the 1980s that Beiersdoft took a conscious decision to globalize the appeal of Nivea. The aim to achieve a common platform for the brand on a global scale and offer customers from different parts of the world a wider variety of product choices. This was radical departure from its earlier approach, in which product development and marketing efforts were largely focused on the German market. The new decision was not only expected to solve the problems of high costs, it was also expected to further build the core values of the brand. To globalize the brand, the company formulated strategies with the help of a team of ‘international’ experts with ‘local expertise’. This team developed new products for all the markets. Their responsibilities included, among others, deciding about the way in which international advertising campaigns should be adapted at the local level. The idea was to leave the execution of strategic decisions to local partners. However, Beiersdoft monitored the execution to ensure that it remained in line with the global strategic plan. This way, Beiersdoft ensured that the nuances of consumer behaviour at the local level understood and that their needs were addressed. Company sources claimed that by following the above approach, it was easy to transfer know-how between headquarters and the local offices. In addition, the motivation level of the local partners also remained on the higher side. The company established a set of guidelines that regulated how the marketing mix of a new product/brand was to be developed. These guidelines stipulated norms with respect to product, pricing, promotion, packaging and other related issues. For instance, a guideline regarding advertising read, ‘Nivea advertising is about skin care. It should be present visually and verbally. Nivea advertising is simple, it is unpretentious and human. ’ Thus all advertisements for any Nivea product depicted images related to ‘skin care’ and ‘unpretentious human life’ in one way or the other. The company consciously decided not to use supermodels to promote its products. The predominant colours in all campaigns remained blue and white. However, local issues were also kept in mind. For instance, in the Middle East, Nivea relied more on outdoor media as it worked out to be much more cost-effective. And since showing skin in the advertisements went against the region’s culture, the company devised ways of advertising skin without showing skin. Many brand management experts have spoken of the perils of umbrella management, such as brand dilution and the lack of ‘change’ for consumers. However, the umbrella branding strategy worked for Beiersdoft. In fact, the company’s growth was the most dynamic since its inception during 1990s—the decade when the brand extension move picked up momentum. The strong yearly growth during the 1990s and the quadrupling of sales were attributed by company sources to the thrust on brand extension. Questions: 1. Discuss the reasons for the success of the Nivea range of products across the world. Why did Beiersdoft decide to extend the brand to different product categories? In the light of Beiersdoft’s brand extension of Nivea, critically comment on the pros and cons of adopting an umbrella branding strategy. Compare the use of such a strategy with the use of an independent branding strategy. 2. According to you, what are the core values of the Nivea brand? What type of brand extension framework did Beiersdoft develop to ensure that these core values id not get diluted? Do you think the company was able to protect these core values? Why/why not? 3. What were the essential components of Beiersdoft’s global expansion strategy for Nivea? Under what circumstances would a ‘global-strategy-local execution’ approach be beneficial for a company? When and why should this approach be avoided?

How to Make Your Essay Topics Stand Out

How to Make Your Essay Topics Stand OutTexas Bar Exam essay topics are often one of the first things the instructor will ask you to write. They are also one of the most important parts of the entire test. They should be written with careful consideration to your academic background and abilities.Keep in mind that essay topics are given to determine how well you can think, reason, analyze, and express yourself through prose. This is particularly true when they are evaluating you on the accuracy of facts or an ability to present a solid argument. Essay topics help your Texas Bar essay score to reflect your true potential.When writing the essay, the points should be phrased in a way that draws attention to certain elements such as wording and grammar. You want to be able to make a point, but you do not want to take too much attention away from the essay. Being vague about your ideas can cause the reader to lose interest. The points should be presentable, but not overbearing.Texas law sc hools typically have essay writing guides to assist students. These guides are invaluable because they will give the students valuable insight into how to create essays that do not bore the reader or even simply get lost in the shuffle. The guide will provide you with the methods to which a reader tends to develop interest and how they are able to read the material in a way that supports the author's point.An example of a good Texas law school guide is one that is of a book-length nature. It is made up of two or three sections. One part will contain the introduction of the essay body. This section should present the basic points that should be presented in the essay and should offer the reasons why it should be organized in this way.Some other tips for essay topics are to include short paragraphs that will build a more descriptive and sophisticated look into your idea. This will make the essay more likely to be read and understood. Add transitions between chapters that relate to you r points, and then finally a conclusion. Doing this will provide a better understanding of the entire idea.The content of the essay will be based on the grade that is earned by the student's project. Essay topics that are less than stellar are usually eliminated and those that are highly important will be promoted to higher grades. Your test materials will be filled with essay topics that you have written that reflect your skills.Each class will have its own test format. Be sure to study the outline for the test to make sure that you are familiar with what it will look like. There may be some content areas that are just standard. You may find that there are essay topics that focus on some specific law or facts that are pertinent to your chosen area of study.

Free Essays on Energy Sources For You Home And Automobile In The Year 2050

How many times a day do you use a source of energy? Practically every minute of everyday we use some such source. Weather it is heating your home or driving your car, you have used some sort of chemical reaction to accomplish it. During the last century, most energy sources have been what we call fossil fuels, or non-renewable sources of fuel. These semi-common molecules contain mostly long chains of the atom carbon. Fuels such as coal, petroleum, propane, and natural gas are included in this group. The problem with these fuels is that when combusted, produce carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, or commonly known as greenhouse gasses. Many new and cleaner systems are being developed for use in upcoming years, hopefully to replace the commonly used fuels that we rely on today. Hydrogen, the most abundant material in the universe, is a great source of energy though it is seldom found in a pure form on earth. The only by-product of its oxidation is water vapor (4H +O2 = 2 H2O). Small amounts of nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbons are also released when run in an engine due to engine lubricants, but no carbon dioxide is produced. Hydrogen is mostly created by breaking down hydrocarbon fuels either by electrolysis of water or photolysis. Electrolysis is the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by using electricity. Photolysis is described simply as chemical decomposition. The problem we are having with hydrogen fuel systems is the storage required. Compared to a gasoline powered automobiles, liquid hydrogen would require eight times the amount of storage plus would require a refrigeration system. Compressed hydrogen would require almost six to ten times more storage. Another source being explored that has a high potential is ethanol or grain alcohol. It is clear, colorless, and an odor that fits it. It is said to have a sweet flavor, but can burn in a concentrate form. Ethanol, or CH3CH2OH, is... Free Essays on Energy Sources For You Home And Automobile In The Year 2050 Free Essays on Energy Sources For You Home And Automobile In The Year 2050 How many times a day do you use a source of energy? Practically every minute of everyday we use some such source. Weather it is heating your home or driving your car, you have used some sort of chemical reaction to accomplish it. During the last century, most energy sources have been what we call fossil fuels, or non-renewable sources of fuel. These semi-common molecules contain mostly long chains of the atom carbon. Fuels such as coal, petroleum, propane, and natural gas are included in this group. The problem with these fuels is that when combusted, produce carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, or commonly known as greenhouse gasses. Many new and cleaner systems are being developed for use in upcoming years, hopefully to replace the commonly used fuels that we rely on today. Hydrogen, the most abundant material in the universe, is a great source of energy though it is seldom found in a pure form on earth. The only by-product of its oxidation is water vapor (4H +O2 = 2 H2O). Small amounts of nitrogen oxides and unburned hydrocarbons are also released when run in an engine due to engine lubricants, but no carbon dioxide is produced. Hydrogen is mostly created by breaking down hydrocarbon fuels either by electrolysis of water or photolysis. Electrolysis is the process of splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen by using electricity. Photolysis is described simply as chemical decomposition. The problem we are having with hydrogen fuel systems is the storage required. Compared to a gasoline powered automobiles, liquid hydrogen would require eight times the amount of storage plus would require a refrigeration system. Compressed hydrogen would require almost six to ten times more storage. Another source being explored that has a high potential is ethanol or grain alcohol. It is clear, colorless, and an odor that fits it. It is said to have a sweet flavor, but can burn in a concentrate form. Ethanol, or CH3CH2OH, is...